South Sudans civil war is the result of a weakly institutionalized state and may require the African Unions intervention to find peace and stability, says expert Alex de Waal. Later that month, Kiir and Machar signed the Khartoum Declaration of Agreement that included a cease-fire and a pledge to negotiate a power-sharing agreement to end the war. The resignation of Prime Minister Hamdok and growing public anger have deepened uncertainty in Sudan. Terrorist groups in Sudan may harm Westerners and Western interests through suicide operations, bombings, shootings, and kidnappings. Power among the Humr Baqqrah stemmed from wealth and strength of personality. The Otoro political system consisted of a number of territorial segments that did not coincide with kinship groupings. Washington, DC 20036, Careers| In July 2014, the UN Security Council declared South Sudans food crisis the worst in the world. Famine was declared in South Sudan during the first few months of 2017, with nearly five million people at risk from food insecurity. The Sudanese culture has also evolved over centuries of social and political changes. They may attack with little or no warning, targeting foreign and local government facilities, and areas frequented by Westerners. Most South Sudanese people share a cultural connection based on their common practice of Christianity, and the experience of struggle and liberation from North Sudan. In the worst such case, dozens of people were killed - and some had their bodies thrown into the River Nile - in a crackdown on protesters in the capital, Khartoum on 3 June. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. READ DIRECTIONS Activity 2: Mapping the Migration of the Lost Boys 45 mins Students map the migration journey of the Lost Boys and Girls. Demonstrators argued that Mr Bashir's regime was so deeply entrenched that it would take time to dismantle its political network and open the way for free and fair elections. Violence has prevented farmers from planting or harvesting crops, causing food shortages nationwide. Patrilineal descent was important in determining the social identity of a person, inheritance, and rights and duties concerning marriage and bridewealth (gifts from the groom and his kinsmen to the father of the bride and his kinsmen). The UN Mission in South Sudan is justifiably criticized for some serious failures to protect civilians and humanitarian workers under threat. South Sudan, a landlocked country in northeast Africa, is the youngest nation in the world. More than a year after President of South Sudan Salva Kiir and former opposition leader Riek Machar formed a unity government, there has been slow progress on implementing the countrys main peace agreement, which was signed in 2018 and ended a civil war that began in 2013. Sustainability Policy| February 13, 2023 resources in response to evolving crises (including. The Ministry of Culture, Museums and National Heritage Youth and Sports is cognizant that this premier Culture Policy is being rolled out at a critical time in our country's history, Children are highly valued in Sudanese society. *Update: As of May 12, 2021, the number of people displaced by the current conflict has increased: Lydia Dawsonserves as World Reliefs Humanitarian and Disaster Response Unit Program Officer in Sudan, and in disaster response worldwide. Ask: What physical aspects of Sudan contribute to civil unrest? In other respects, a persons wealth and personality determined his successful bid for leadership. The unrest in Sudan can be traced back to December 2018, when then President Bashir's government imposed emergency austerity measures to try to stave off economic collapse. National Council for Social Studies Curriculum Standards, Activity 2: Mapping the Migration of the Lost Boys, Activity 3: Cultural Identity of the Lost Boys. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. This lists the logos of programs or partners of. A woman dubbed 'Kandaka', which means Nubian queen, has become a symbol for protesters. Paramilitary organisations and various Islamist militias hold some sway. Terracotta sculptures from Sudan are also noteworthy. In the midst of chaos, Kiir announced that Machar had attempted a coup and violence spread quickly to Jonglei, Upper Nile, and Unity states. Go to National Geographic's Sudan Facts page and invite volunteers to take turns reading aloud the information. Top 10 Alcohol Consuming Countries In The World, The Biggest Heists and Bank Robberies in American History. National Geographic Headquarters Sudan has a rich heritage of music and dance that have suffered greatly since the implementation of the Sharia law in 1989. The Dinka are the largest ethnic group in southern Sudan. Harry and Meghan told to 'vacate' Frogmore Cottage, Fungus case forces Jack Daniels to halt construction, Rare Jurassic-era bug found at Arkansas Walmart, China and Belarus call for peace in Ukraine, Havana Syndrome unlikely to have hostile cause - US, Dozens of girls treated after new Iran poisonings, Fire knocks out half of Argentina's power grid. The AU has the legal mechanisms required to intervene very forcefully in South Sudan. List each route on the board: 2. Then use the provided answer key to discuss students' answers.4. They are taught gender-based skills at an early age. There is usually a significant age difference between the bride and groom. conflict between groups in the same country or nation. February 22, 2023 More than two decades of civil unrest in the Sudan have cost the lives of about 1.5 million people and had a devastating effect on the well-being of the population. Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement-in-Opposition (SPLM-IO) rebels fire weapons during an assault on Sudan Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA) soldiers in the town of Kaya, on the border with Uganda, in South Sudan on August 26, 2017. Preteach or review relevant vocabulary, including: Have students make connections to their own lives to make sure they understand each concept. Have a whole-class discussion about the hazards and physical challenges of the routes, including drought, wildlife, and food sources. Traditionally, among the Otoro there were no political offices, only a special hereditary ritual officethat of chief of the Path, who acted as intermediary in peace negotiations between conflicting parties. Broadly speaking, the traditional societies of Sudan exhibited two types of political organization: the hierarchical system of the Fur and the segmentary systems of the Humr Baqqrah and Otoro. with James M. Lindsay and Michelle Gavin community of people scattered from their homeland. On January 16, 2021, civil unrest was reported in the Geneina area in West Darfur as a result of violence between Masalit and Arab tribesmen groups that have had a long history of conflict over land and water resources. Similar patterns were also made on the upper arms of successful hunters. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Clan members were scattered in different localities; the basic political unit was the hill community, whose members shared a tract of land and a common code of morality. Sudan's traditional societies have diverse linguistic, ethnic, social, cultural, and religious characteristics. Under their harsh rule, they have cracked down on womens rights and neglected basic services. Cuts to bread and fuel subsidies sparked demonstrations in the east over living standards and the anger spread to the capital, Khartoum. Among the many projects to provide for the immediate needs of displaced people, the emergency response team is working to ensure that all people in displacement camps have a clean water source less than 1km from their temporary dwelling. learned behavior of people, including their languages, belief systems, social structures, institutions, and material goods. Contact Us. How and why does political identity default to ethnic identity in conflicts like the civil war in South Sudan? Have students watch the excerpt and write about it.Show students the excerpt and have them list their questions about the video and its content as they watch. Some foods are, however, consumed widely like Kissra, a type of bread which is the staple of the Sudanese diet. Tell students that the Lost Boys have settled in eighteen states in the United States, including: Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Washington. All rights reserved. The marriage was usually dissolved by the total refund of the bridewealth to the former husband. In 2014, the AU itself carried out an investigation into violations of human rights and international humanitarian law during the armed conflict. Sudan has one of Africas best basketball teams. Listen to Sudanese music on the National Geographic World Music website. Students summaries should include: This activity targets the following skills: The resources are also available at the top of the page. by Richard Haass Share these resources with your students to examine various conflicts around the world and instances of different communities working together successfully. VideoAt the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece, How fake copyright complaints are muzzling journalists, How 10% of Nigerian registered voters delivered victory, Sake brewers toast big rise in global sales, The Indian-American CEO who wants to be US president, Blackpink lead top stars back on the road in Asia, Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's elections, 'Wales is in England' gaffe sparks TikToker's trip. These services are provided with special emphasis on gender protection and representation, challenging communities to change the way they engage with one another, and empowering women to take leadership roles in their communities. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) states that sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), including domestic violence and alcohol abuse, increases in such circumstances. A dish made of banana paste called Moukhbaza is widely eaten in east Sudan. Have students locate Sudan on the map.Ask students to locate Sudan on a wall map of the world. In all the societies descent was reckoned in the male line, but the significance of such agnatic ties among kin groups differed from one society to another. Find out if there are any Lost Boys in your community or region. There was also an association of cicatrization (scarring) with a test of manhood: killing an enemy entitled a person to have a small pattern of scars on his back. When the military took power in April, demonstrators stayed put outside its headquarters and insisted that it transfer authority to a civilian administration. One is a prohibition on unconstitutional changes in government. Critical food shortages have continued since then, with UN officials warning that 2021 may be the worst year yet, with more than eight million people in need of humanitarian assistance. Because of Sudans great cultural diversity, it is difficult to classify the traditional cultures of the various peoples. Stews generally have dried meat, peanut butter, spices, and dried onions as the ingredients. Diplomacy, the art of maintaining peaceful relationships without the use of violence, can help turn conflict into cooperation. by Diana Roy 1145 17th Street NW Men are regarded as the primary breadwinners. A council of generals assumed power on 11 April but it has struggled to return normality to the country. Sudans livestream massacre. Its not very encouraging that the existing troops have not been able to do that. Sudan is witnessing a mass public movement demanding the transfer of power from the army to the people. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Men and women usually live their separate lives where they socialize with members of the same sex. Preteach or review vocabulary. February 1, 2023 The Sudanese culture has also evolved over centuries of social and political changes. Women are at the forefront of the demonstrations. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. The other element here is that if you look at U.S. policy towards South Sudan, it swung from being very close, very intimate, to being one of bitter rejection as if by a spurned lover. Africa Program, Article February 23, 2023, What Climate Change Means for the Horn of Africa, With Michelle Gavin, Podcast 210 KB. As the first step toward ending the civil war, Machar returned to Juba in April 2016 and was once again sworn in as vice president, after spending more than two years outside of the country. person who flees their home, usually due to natural disaster or political upheaval. This project is supported by the Carnegie Corporation of New York. Terms of Service| The ruling parties have been predominately military regimes favouring Islamic-oriented policies, in distinct contrast to the beliefs and practices of the primarily Christian south where churches and schools were established by Italian Catholic missionaries and . Today, however, there are chiefs selected by the local government from among persons of local wealth and importance. The Lost Boys of Sudan are a group of Dinka youth who fled civil war in their native country, spent a decade growing up in a Kenyan refugee camp, and were eventually resettled in the United States. When you reach out to them, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. Under the threat of international sanctions and following several rounds of negotiations supported by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), Kiir signed a peace agreement with Machar in August 2015. Islamic law determines the inheritance of property in the country. involved in different aspects of human capital). Code of Ethics| Pre-teach relevant vocabulary, including human migration, immigrant, emigrant, refugee, and resettlement.2. National Geographic Headquarters Our emergency response thus far has included provision of potable water andemergency latrines, hygiene promotion training, mobile health services for pregnant women and children under fiveand distribution of basic non-food items for 39,000 internally displaced persons. February 14, 2023 And some members of the Dinka elite, particularly around Bor, who have tried to stay out of it entirely, or are even sympathizing with the opposition. Sudan has been in the midst of a political crisis since long-serving ruler Omar al-Bashir was overthrown in April. Sudan is the first Muslim and Arab country to employ female judges, cinematographers, football referees, army members, and police officers. Promotion was marked with festivities, and members of each age-grade lived separately. Arranged marriages are the norm in Sudanese society. The wide social and cultural diversity included in the Democratic Republic of the Sudan is graphically illustrated by a number of recently published or re-printed works. Join our community of educators and receive the latest information on National Geographic's resources for you and your students. And, although improved communications, increased social and economic mobility, and the spread of a money economy have led to a general loosening of the social ties, customs, relationships, and modes of organization in traditional cultures, much from the past still remains intact. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Arabic and English are the official languages of Sudan. It also reflects the ethnic diversity of the countrys population. Newsroom| WASH committees are important because they ensure regular maintenance and orderly use of the access points. The various kingdoms that ruled the land and the diverse ethnic groups inhabiting the country have all contributed to the Sudanese art. Annual Lecture on China: Frayed RelationsThe United States and China, Virtual Event All rights reserved. What happened during the 3 June massacre? Five years after gaining independence, South Sudan is gripped by a civil war that has killed an estimated 50,000 and displaced 1.6 million. World Relief strictly prohibits and does not tolerate unlawful discrimination against employees on the basis of persons race, color, sex, national origin, age, disability, genetic information, or any other characteristic protected under applicable federal, state, or local law, which does not conflict with the protections afforded World Relief as a faith-based employer. The military and protesters have been negotiating over the country's future, President Omar al-Bashir was overthrown in a coup in April, There were celebrations when the 4 August deal was signed. Students watch excerpts from the film God Grew Tired of Us to learn about the Lost Boys of Sudan and the refugee experience, map the Lost Boys migration journey, and discuss the challenges the Lost Boys faced while adapting to life in the United States and trying to maintain their cultural identities as Dinka. Porridge made of corn or wheat might also be consumed with stews. However, the South Sudanese tend to feel more cultural affiliation and loyalty to their tribal and ethnic groups rather than allegiance to the nation. Although divorces were unheard of in the past and regarded as a taboo, the scenario is gradually changing. Best of fest. 25. Corruption is rampant and this poses a huge obstacle to economic growth. In all these poorly institutionalized societies, thats what tends to happen. What is the capacity for the UN to play a stabilizing role given the recent criticism of its peacekeepers for failing to prevent rape and other abuses happening in the capital? All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com. A civil war broke out in South Sudan in 2013. Extended families are more common in rural areas than in urban localities. What cultural aspects of Sudan contribute to civil unrest? The significant residential and herding unit was the camp, the composition of which changed with the seasons. Civil war along ethnic . Students watch excerpts from the film God Grew Tired of Us to learn about the Lost Boys of Sudan and the refugee experience, map the Lost Boys migration journey, and discuss the challenges the Lost Boys faced while adapting to life in the United States and trying to maintain their cultural identities as Dinka. Ask groups to mark the routes the Lost Boys took. In addition to the COVID-19 health crisis in a country with few resources to combat the pandemic, more than seven million people are severely food insecure as of April 2021, and insecurity continues to negatively affect humanitarian supply routes. Just as the attitudes of pro-South Sudan activists in Washington, DC, swung from support to skepticism, so did the sentiments of their erstwhile friends. By reducing the distance to water points and fencing them in, women are at far lower risk of being attacked. If you look at the public expenditure per capita of South Sudan at independence, it was eight or nine times higher than that in Ethiopia. Have students locate Sudan on the map.Ask students to locate Sudan on a wall map of the world. The Fur reckoned descent patrilineally, but residence was customarily with or near the wifes parents. Most of the Sudanese people are Sunni Muslims. This series is made possible by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. Students may respond with examples of cultural markers, such as music, food, fashion, language, or slang. An armed insurgency being led in the south of the country by Thomas Cirillo, who leads the group known as the National Salvation Front (NSF), poses a severe threat to civilians and further threatens the peace process. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. After its independence in 2011, how did South Sudan so suddenly fall into a political crisis? Discuss the hazards and physical challenges of the routes. Privacy Notice| Pre-teach relevant vocabulary, including human migration, immigrant, emigrant, refugee, and resettlement.2. You cannot download interactives. Divorce was negotiated and settled by the families concerned. A persons wealth and strength of personality what cultural aspects of sudan contribute to civil unrest? are taught gender-based skills at early! Western interests through suicide operations, bombings, shootings, and food sources for... 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